International Workplace Bullying Research

We've compiled a list of some of the most influential and important research conducted in the Workplace Bullying field. This work has inspired, impacted, and built upon the Namie's research. Use this ever growing reference list to find articles of interest. Delve deeper into the phenomenon with articles covering the following topics:

• Describing the Phenomenon
• Health Impact
• Women & Bullying
• Organizations & Systems
• Crtiiques of the Anti-Bullying Movement

Describing the Phenomenon

Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. by Heinz Leymann. Violence & Victims, 1990, 5(2), 119-126. The seminal article that launched the movement!

Abusive behavior in the workplace: A preliminary investigation. by L. Keashly , V. Trott & L.M. MacLean. Violence and Victims, V. 9, No. 4, 341-357

Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. by H. Leymann & A. Gustafsson. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1996, 5(2), 251-275.

The content and development of mobbing at work. by H. Leymann. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1996, 5(2), 165-184.

Emotional abuse in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical issues. by L. Keashly Journal of Emotional Abuse, V. 1, No. 1, pp. 85-117

The nature and causes of bullying at work. by S. Einarsen. International Journal of Manpower, 1999, 20(1/2), 16-27.

Sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse among university employees: Prevalence and mental health correlates. by J.A. Richman, K.M. Rospenda, & S. Nawyn, et al. American Journal of Public Health, 1999, 89(3), 358-363.

Destructive conflict and bullying at work. by H. Hoel & C.L. Cooper, University of Manchester, Institute of Science and Technology., 2000

Interpersonal and systemic aspects of emotional abuse at work: The targetÕs perspective. by L. Keashly Violence and Victims, V. 16, No. 3, pp. 233-268

Prevalence and forms of bullying among business professionals: A comparison of two different strategies for measuring bullying. by D. Salin. Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Helsinki, Finland, 2001, 10(4), 425-441.

Bullying in the workplace: Recent trends in research and practice--an introduction. by D. Zapf & S. Einarsen. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2001, 10(4), 369-373.

Workplace bullying: Escalated incivility. by G. Namie. Ivey Business Journal, 68(2), 1-6.

Employee perceptions of internal conflict management and ADR processes in preventing and resolving incidents of workplace bullying: Ethical challenges for decision-makers in organizations. by S. Fox & L.E. Stallworth Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal of Chicago-Kent College of Law, 8, 375-405 - 2004

Racial/Ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the U.S. workplace. by S. Fox & L.E. Stallworth. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 438-456.

Bullying at work: an introduction to the symposium. by A.P.D. Liefooghe. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 2004, 32(3), 265-267.

Workplace bullying in healthcare. by G. Namie. Clinician News, Vol. 9 (11), 14-15.

Shame by any other name: Lessons for restorative justice from the principles, traditions and practices of Alcoholics Anonymous. by V. Pynchon. Pepperdine Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2005, 5, 299.

Tackling work place bullying. by J. MacIntosh. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2006, 27(6), 665-679.

Workplace mobbing: A discussion for librarians. by T.E. Hecker. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 2007, 33(4), 439-445

Take this job and ... : Quitting and other forms of resistance to workplace bullying. Communication Monographs, December, V. 73, No. 4, pp. 406-433

Nightmares, demons and slaves: Exploring the painful metaphors of workplace bullying. by Pamela Lutgen-Sandvik, S.J. Tracy and J.K. Alberts Management Communication Quarterly, V. 20, No. 2, pp. 148-185.

Defining workplace bullying behaviour professional lay definitions of workplace bullying. by P. Saunders, A. Huynh & J. Goodman-Delahunty. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 2007, 30, 340-354.

Ostracism. by K.D. Williams. Annual Review of Psychology, 2007, 58, 425- 452.

Putting work to bed: Stressful experiences on the job and sleep quality. by S. Bugard & J. Ailshire. Population Studies Center Research Report 08-652, University of Michigan, 2008.

Psychosocial predictors of supervisor-, peer-, subordinate-, and service-provider-targeted aggression. by M. Inness, M.M. LeBlanc & J. Barling. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2008, 93 (6), 1401-1411.

Sense of Coherence as a protective mechanism among targets of workplace bullying. by M.B. Nielsen, S.B. Matthiesen & S. Einarsen. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2008, 13(2), 128-136.

Intensive remedial identity work: Responses to workplace bullying trauma and stigmatization. by Pamela Lutgen-Sandvik Organization, V. 15, No. 1, pp. 97-119

When the boss feels inadequate: Power, incompetence, and aggression. by N. Fast & S. Chen. Psychological Science, November, 2009.

When the boss feels inadequate: Power, incompetence, and aggression. by N. Fast & S. Chen. Psychological Science, November, 2009.

Workplace bullying: Causes, consequences, and corrections. by P. Lutgen-Sandvik & G. Namie. In Lutgen-Sandvik, P. & Sypher, B.D. (2009) Destructive Organizational Communication., New York: Routledge Press.

Neural correlates of admiration and compassion. by M.H. Immordino-Yang, A. McColl, H. Damasio & A. Damasio. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS), April 21, 2009.

Workplace bullying and sleep disturbances: Findings from a large scale cross-sectional survey in the French working population. by I. Niedhammer, S. David, S. Degioanni, A. Drummond & P. Philip. Sleep, 2009, 32 (9),1211-1219.

Sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse among university employees: Prevalence and mental health correlates. by J.A. Richman, K.M. Rospenda, & S. Nawyn, et al. American Journal of Public Health, 1999, 89(3), 358-363.

Prevalence and mental health correlates of harassment and discrimination in the workplace: Results from a national study. by K. Rospenda, J.A. Richman & C.A. Shannon. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2009, 24, 819-843.

The power of paradigms: a discussion of the absence of bullying research in the context of the university student experience. by L. Coleyshaw. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 2010, 15 (4), 377-386.

The battered apple: An application of stressor-emotion-control/support theory to teachers' experience of violence and bullying. In press, Human Relations

If you build a remedial voice mechanism, will they come? Determinants of voicing interpersonal mistreatment at work. by K. Harlos. Human Relations, 2010, 63 (3), 311-329.

The relative impact of workplace bullying as a social stressor at work. by L.J. Hauge, A. Skogstad, & S. Einarsen. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2010, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00813.x

Comparing victim attributions and outcomes for workplace aggression and sexual harassment. by M.S. Hershcovis & J. Barling. Journal of Applied Psychology, Aug. 16, 2010, doi: 10.1037/a0020070

Leadership styles as predictors of self-reported and observed workplace bullying. by H. Hoel, L. Glaso, J. Hetland, C.L. Cooper & S. Einarsen. British Journal of Management, 2010, 21, 453-468.

Active and passive accomplices: The communal character of workplace bullying. by G. Namie & P. Lutgen-Sandvik. International Journal of Communication, 4, 343-373.

The desire to expel unselfish members from the group. by C.D. Parks & A.B. Stone. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010, 10 (2), 99-115.

Bullying in New Zealand: Comparing NAQ findings to European and USA studies. by A. Thirwall & J.M. Haar. New Zealand Journal of Human Resources Management, 2010, 99, 302-310.

2011_Hogh&Carneiro by A. Hogh, I. Gomes Carneiro, H. Giver & R. Rugulies. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2011, 52, 49–56.

Health Impact

A case study of mobbing and the clinical treatment of mobbing victims. by D. Groeblinghoff & M. Becker. European Journal of Work and Organization Psychology, 1996, 5(2), 277-294

On the relationship between mobbing factors, and job content, social work environment, and health outcomes. D. Zapf, C. Knorz & M. Kulla. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1996, 5(2), 215-237.

post-traumatic stress disorder revisited. by F. Lamprecht & M. Sack. Psychomatic Medicine, 2005, 2002, 64, 222-237.

Basic assumptions and symptoms of post-traumatic stress among victims of bullying at work. by E.G. Mikkelsen, & S. Einarsen. Work and Organizational Psychology, 2002, 11(1), 87-111.

The effect on ambulatory blood pressure of working under favorably and unfavorably perceived supervisors. by N. Wager, G. Fieldman, & T. Hussey. Occupational Environmental Medicine, 2003, 60, 468-474.

Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. by E. S. Epel, E. H. Blackburn & J. Lin, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS), 2004, 101(49), 17312-17315.

Acute threat to the social self: Shame, social self-esteem, and cortisol activity. by T. Gruenewald, et al. Psychomatic Medicine, 2004, 66, 915-924.

Psychiatric distress and symptoms of PTSD among victims of bullying at work. by S. Matthiesen, & S. Einarsen. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 2004, 32(3), 335-356.

Perceived work overload and chronic worrying predict weekend-weekday differences in the cortisol awakening response. by W. Schlotz, et al. Psychomatic Medicine, 2004, 66, 207-214.

Bullying: A source of chronic post traumatic stress? by N Tehrani. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling

Overcommitment to work is associated with changes in cardiac sympathetic regulation. by T. Vrijkotte, L. van Doornen & E. de Geus. Psychomatic Medicine, Psychomatic Medicine, 2004, 66, 656-663.

Psychologic distress in postmyocardial infarction patients who have returned to work. by C. Brisson, R. Leblanc, et al. Psychomatic Medicine, 2005, 67, 59-63.

Job strain and early artherosclerosis: The cardiovascular risk in young Finns. by M. Hintsanen, M. Kivimaki, et al. Psychomatic Medicine, 2005, 67, 740-747.

Justice at work and reduced risk of coronary heart disease Among Employees: The Whitehall II Study. by M. Kivimaki, J. E. Ferrie, E. Brunner, et al. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2005, 165, 2245-2251.

The relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and self-reported health problems. by D. Lauterbach, R. Vora & M. Rakow. Psychomatic Medicine, 2005, 67, 939-947.

Worklessness and health -- what do we know about the causal relationship? by C. Mclean, C. Carmona, S. Francis, C. Wohlgemuth, & C. Mulvhihill. UK National Health Service Health Development Agency Report, March 2005.

Clinical depression and regulation of the inflammatory response during acute stress. by G. Miller, et al. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2005, 67, 679-687.

Gender difference in the link between depression and cardiovascular disease. by T. Naqvi, S. Navqi & C. Mierz.Psychomatic Medicine, 2005, 67, Suppl. 1, 515-518.

The influence of social hierarchy on primate health. by R.M. Sapolsky, et al. Science, 2005, 308, 648-652.

Exposure utilization and completion of cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD in a "real world clinical practice." by Zayfert, et al. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2005, 18 (6), 637-645.

Socioeconomic status is associated with stress hormones. by S. Cohen, W. Doyle & A. Baum. Psychomatic Medicine, 2006, 68,414-420.

Personality traits, coping style, and perceived threat as predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder after exposure to a terrorist attack: A prospective study. by S. Gil & Y. Caspi. Psychomatic Medicine, 2006, 68, 904-909.

Abusive supervision and family undermining as displaced aggression. by J.M. Hoobler & D.J. Brass. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2006, 91 (5), 1125-1133.

Burnout and risk of Type 2 diabetes: A prospective study of apparently healthy employed persons. by S. Melamed, A. Shirom, S. Toker & I. Shapira.Psychomatic Medicine, 2006, 68, 863-869.

Workplace mobbing: Individual and family health consequences. by M. Duffy & L. Sperry. The Family Journal, Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 2007, 15 (4), 398-404.

Coping with abusive supervision: The neutralizing effects of ingratiation and positive affect on negative employee outcomes. by P. Harvey, et al., The Leadership Quarterly, 2007, 18(3), 264-280.

Embodying emotion. by P.M. Niedenthal Science, 2007, 316, 1002-1005.

Perfectionism and the cortisol response to psychosocial stress in men. by P.H. Wirtz, et al. Psychomatic Medicine, 2007, 69, 249-255.

Perceived job insecurity and worker health in the U.S. by S. Burgard, J. Brand, & J. House. Population Studies Center Research Report 08-650, University of Michigan, 2008.

Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: An assessment of the evidence. (2008) Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

Chronic stress causes frontostriatal reorganization and affects decision making. by Dias-Ferreira, E. et al. Science, 2009, 325, 621-625.

The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. by K.D. Neff. Human Development, 2009, 52, 211-214.

Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. by K.D. Neff & R. Vonk. Journal of Personality, 2009, 77 (1), 23-50.

Prevalence and mental health correlates of harassment and discrimination in the workplace: Results from a national study. by K. Rospenda, J.A. Richman & C.A. Shannon. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2009, 24, 819-843.

The stressed CNS: When glucocorticoids aggravate inflammation. by S. Sorrells, et al. Neuron, 2009, 64, 33-39.

Psychosocial aspects of disabling musculoskeletal pain. by A-M. Vranceanu, A. Barsky & D. Ring. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 2009, 91, 2014-2018.

Quality of life and depression in CKD (chronic kidney disease): Improving hope and health by S. Watnick. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 2009, 54 (3), 399-402.

Health promotion, risk reduction, and suicide prevention. U.S. Army Report, 2010.

Does stress at work make you gain weight? A two-year longitudinal study by M. Berset, N.K. Semmer, et al. by M. Berset, N.K. Semmer, et al.

The synchronous neural interactions test as a functional neuromarker for PTSD. by A.P. Georgopoulos, et al., Journal of Neural Engineering, 2010, 7, 016011.

Workplace bullying and subsequent sleep problems - the Helsinki Health Study by T. Lallukka, O. Rahkonen, & E. Lahelma. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environmental Health, 2010

Once, twice or three times as harmful? Ethnic harassment, gender harassment and generalized workplace harassment. by J.L. Raver & L.H. Nishii. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2010, 95 (2), 236-254.

Unacceptable behaviour, health and wellbeing at work. by C. A. Sprigg, A. Martin, K. Niven & C.J. Armitage. Institute Occupational Safety & Health (UK), June 2010, research report 10.1.

Workplace bullying and mental distress – a prospective study of Norwegian employees. by L.B. Finne, S. Knardahl, & B. Lau. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environmental Health

Frequency of bullying at work, physiological response, and mental health. by A.M. Hansen, A. Hogh, & R. Persson. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2011, 70, 19-27.

Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. by K.D. Neff. Social and Personality Compass, (in press, 2011)

Women & Bullying

Should women managers have to act like men? by K. Korabik & R. Ayman. Journal of Management Development,1989, 8(6), 23-32.

The power in democracy: Women's social constructions of gender identity at work. by R.J. Ely Academy of Management Journal, 1995, 38 (3), 589-634

Power between women in organizations. by J. Onyx, Feminism & Psychology,1999, 9(4), 417-421.

Victimized twice -- The intersection of domestic violence and the workplace: Legal reform through curriculum development. by L.B. Vaughn. Loyola Law Review, 2001, 47, 231-253.

When the wrong woman wins: Building bullies and perpetuating patriarch. by P. Brunner & M.L. Costello, Advancing Women in Leadership,2003, 13, 1-9.

Women and violence at work. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2007, by Dublin, Ireland.

Organizations & Systems

Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality: An exploratory study. by S. Einarsen, B.I. Raknes & S.B. Matthiesen, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 1994, 4(4), 381-401.

Workplace bullying: Curing the cancer of the American workplace. by P.M. Glendinning. Public Personnel Management, 2001, 30(3), 269-286.

Accounts of workplace bullying: The role of the Organization. by A Liefooghe & K.M. Davey, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2001, 10(4), 375-392.

Anti-bullying advocacy: An unrealized employee assistance opportunity. by G. Namie & R. Namie, Journal of Employee Assistance, Vol. 33 (2), 9-11. 2003

A preliminary typology of organizational response to allegations of workplace bullying: See no evil, speak no evil. by P Ferris. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 2004, 32(3), 389-395.

Aggression at the service delivery interface: Do you see what I see? [co-author: Neuman, J.] Journal of Management & Organization, V. 14, No. 2, pp. 180-192 - 2008

Workplace bullying: How to address America's silent epidemic. by G. Namie & R. Namie, Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal, 8(2), 315-333. 2004

To act or not to act: The dilemma faced by sexual harassment observers. by L. Bowes-Sperry & A.M. O'Leary-Kelly. Academy of Management Review, 2005, 20 (2), 288-306.

Chaos and the abuse of power: Workplace bullying in organizational and interactional context by R. Hodson, V.J. Roscigno & S.H. Lopez. Work and Occupations 2006, 33 (4), 382-416.

Organizational measures taken against workplace bullying: The case of Finnish municipalities. by D. Salin. Swedish School of Economics & Business Administration No. 521, 2006

Bullying in the workplace: The newest litigation threat? by S. Brutocao, S. Paper presented to the AHRMA Annual Conference, 2007.

Leadership, working environment and workplace Bullying. by M. O'Moore & J. Lynch, International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 2007, 10(1), 95-117.

Building the civilized workplace. by R. Sutton, The McKinsey Quarterly, 2007(2), 47-55.

Preventing violence and harassment in the workplace. by V. Di Martino, H. Hoel & C.L. Cooper. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions Dublin, Ireland, 2003

Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. by S. Einarsen, M.S. Aasland & A. Skogstad. The Leadership Quarterly, 2007, 18 (3), 207-216.

The challenge of workplace bullying. by G. Namie. Employment Relations Today, 34(2), 43-51. 2007

The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. by A. Padilla, R. Hogan & R.B. Kaiser. The Leadership Quarterly, 2007, 18 (3), 176-194.

Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations by L.M. Cortina. Academy of Management Review, 2008, 33 (1), 55-75.

Bullying in the workplace: Its impact and management. [co-author: Neuman, J.] Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal, V. 8, No. 2, pp. 335-374 - 2004

Create a blueprint for a bullying-free workplace. by G. Namie.The Complete Lawyer, Vol 4 (1) 2008

Research report on the dignity at work project by C. Rayner & K. McIvor. University of Portsmouth, Business School. Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK., 2008

The significance of organizational factors for the incidence of bullying. by M. Agervold. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2009;50(3), 267-276.

Employment discrimination plaintiffs in federal court: From bad to worse? by K.M. Clermont & S.J. Schwab. Harvard Law & Policy Review, 2009. Vol. 3 (1), 103-132.

Shortcomings of anti-bullying regulations: The Case of Sweden by H. Hoel & S. Einarsen. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2009.

Association of psychosoicla factors and bullying at individual and department levels among naval military personnel. by N. Mageroy, B. Lau, T. Riise & B.E. Moen. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2009, 66, 343-351.

U.S. workplace bullying: Some basic considerations and consultation Interventions. by G. Namie, & R. Namie. Consulting Psychology Journal 2009, 61 (3), 202-219 (Sept.).

Interventions in workplace bullying: A multilevel approach. by N.J. Saam. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2009

The prevalence of destructive leadership behaviour. by M.S. Aasland, et al. British Journal of Management, 2010, 21, 438-452.

Protecting my interests: HRM and targets' coping with workplace bullying. by P. D'Cruz & E. Noronha. The Qualitative Report, May 2010, 15 (3), 507-534.

Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work enviornmts, psychological health problems, and employee engagement. by M. Dollard & A.B. Bakker. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 2010, 83, 579-599.

Active and passive accomplices: The communal character of workplace bullying. by G. Namie & P. Lutgen-Sandvik. International Journal of Communication, 4, 343-373. 2010

Challenging workplace bullying in the USA: A communication and activist perspective. A book chapter by G. Namie, R. Namie, & P. Lutgen-Sandvik. In Workplace Bullying: Development in Theory, Research and Practice (2nd edition). London: Taylor & Francis. 2010, in press

Employer responses to union organising: Patterns and effects. by E. Heery & M. Simms. Human Resource Management Journal, 2010, 20 (1), 3-22.

Individual and contextual correlates of managers' attitudes toward depressed employees. by A. Martin. Human Resource Management, July-August 2010, 49 (4), 647-668.

Critiques of the Anti-Bullying Movement

The great intimidators. by R.M. Kramer. Harvard Business Review, February 2006, 1-9.

The "bully" within. by C. Buon & T. Buon Counselling at Work, Summer 2007, 5-8.

Critiques of the anti-bullying movement and responses to them. by K. Westhues. Paper presented at the International Conference on Workplace Bullying, Montreal, June 2008.

The anti-bullying legislative movement: Too quick to quash common law remedies? by S. Morris. Bench & Bar of Minnesota, Nov. 2008.